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Learn more and compare subscriptions content expands above. This assumption, however, became subject to increasing questioning. Mr Hawke said the Government believed that it was both desirable and possible to seek stronger protection for Antarctica.
Australia would therefore work within the framework of the Antarctic Treaty system to obtain consensus among Consultative Parties on the establishment of a comprehensive environment protection regime for Antarctica which prohibited mining. At the 15th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting in Paris in October , Parties to the Treaty agreed to hold a Special Consultative Meeting during to consider proposals for comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment.
The Protocol was negotiated in just under a year during 4 sessions of the 11th Antarctic Treaty Special Consultative Meeting. The Protocol was adopted on 4 October and was signed by all Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties within the year it was open for signature.
The Madrid Protocol entered into force on 14 January following the deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by all the states which were Consultative Parties on 4 October During the intervening period each Party had particular domestic requirements to meet before the instruments could be deposited. The key Australian legislation to implement the Protocol received Royal Assent on 11 December and subsidiary regulations were completed in March allowing Australia to ratify the Protocol on 6 April Annex V to the Protocol entered into force on 24 May Annex VI to the Protocol was finalised in June , and will enter into force once it has been formally accepted by all states which were Consultative Parties at the time of its completion.
Why live in Antarctica? Indeed, a number of states might now have issues with the treaty. Much of the governance set down by the Antarctic Treaty still dates from when it was first negotiated in the late s , in a very different political, technological, legal and environmental climate.
It only involved 12 states and was concluded long before China became a polar superpower. The Antarctic ice sheets were considered stable — and there was still a great deal of mystery surrounding what lay beneath them.
Fast forward to the Antarctic is melting, plastics are found in the ice, and foreign species including yet more humans dot the continent. Drones and other automated vehicles are routinely used and the polar summer is a hive of activity, with thousands of tourists mobbing every penguin colony. Commercial fishing thrives in the Southern Ocean and permanent settlements spring up on the Antarctic peninsula and surrounding islands.
The profits available from biological harvesting have made the extremes of Antarctic living a reality. Indeed, major polar operators such as China and the US only continue to support the mining ban because their energy needs can be satisfied elsewhere.
At present ACTPs are focusing on improving cold weather technology and gaining confidence in Antarctic conditions, but it might not be long until they have the capability and incentive to do more. The Treaty also provides that any member of the United Nations can accede to it. The Treaty now has 52 signatories, 28 are Consultative Parties on the basis of being original signatories or by conducting substantial research there.
Membership continues to grow. A full list of the current parties to the Treaty appears at the end of this document. Since entering into force on 23 June , the Treaty has been recognised as one of the most successful international agreements. Problematic differences over territorial claims have been effectively set aside and as a disarmament regime it has been outstandingly successful. The Treaty parties remain firmly committed to a system that is still effective in protecting their essential Antarctic interests.
Science is proceeding unhindered. Since the first Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting ATCM in , the parties have met frequently, now annually, to discuss issues as diverse as scientific cooperation, measures to protect the environment, and operational issues — and they are committed to taking decisions by consensus.
This process has allowed the Antarctic Treaty to evolve into a system with a number of components that meet the special needs of managing activities in the Antarctic, while protecting national interests. The Antarctic Treaty System comprises the Treaty itself and a number of related agreements. It also includes a range of organisations that contribute to the work of the decision-making forums. In addition to the related agreements described below , the Treaty System includes the recommendations, measures, decisions and resolutions of the Consultative Meetings relating to matters such as:.
The Treaty Parties have put in place rules relating to specific issues. The development of these agreements has allowed the implementation, with greater precision, of legally binding provisions for the regulation of activities in Antarctica.
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